Pre-Training and Fine-Tuning BERT for the IPU

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Pre-training BERT on the IPU-POD
• 3. Scaling BERT to the IPU-POD
  • 3.1. Collective gradient reduction
  • 3.2. Training BERT with large batches
    • 3.2.1. Linear scaling rule
    • 3.2.2. Gradual warmup strategy
    • 3.2.3. AdamW optimizer
    • 3.2.4. LAMB optimizer
    • 3.2.5. Low-precision training
• 4. Training results
  • 4.1. Pre-training accuracy
  • 4.2. Fine-tuning accuracy
    • 4.2.1. SQuAD v1.1
    • 4.2.2. CLUE
• 5. Trademarks & copyright